もう混乱しない！英語の仮定法は「Conditionals」でシンプルに覚える
みなさん、こんにちは。
今週末のレッスンでは、「Conditionals（条件文）」を練習します。
これは生徒さんがいつも難しいと言っているものですが基本を理解していればかなり簡単だと思います。
これは言葉の非常に重要な部分でもあるので時間をかける価値はありますよ！
条件の概要
| タイプ | 状況 | If節の動詞 | 主節の動詞 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zero Conditional [普遍的真実を述べる仮定法] |
一般的な真実を表すとき | 現在形 | 現在形 |
| First Conditional [仮定法現在] |
起こり得るとき | 現在形 | 未来形 |
| Second Conditional [仮定法過去] |
起こり得ないであろうとき | 過去形 | 条件付現在形または条件付現在継続形 |
| Third Conditional [仮定法過去完了] |
過去に起こらなかったとき | 過去完了 | 条件付完了形 |
| Mixed Conditional [仮定法混合型] |
過去に起こらなったので現在も起こり得ないとき など | 過去完了 など | 条件付完了形 など |
Zero Conditional [普遍的真実を述べる仮定法] - 高確率に起こる、可能性が高い
事実または一般的に正しいことには Zero Conditional（普遍的真実を述べる仮定法）を使います。
いつも同じ結果になるものに対して使います。
| [条件] If + 現在形 | [結果] 現在形 |
|---|---|
| If you diet, (ダイエットすると) |
you lose weight. (体重が減ります) |
| If it rains, (雨が降ると) |
the grass gets wet. (草が濡れます) |
| If the weather is good, (天気が良ければ) |
I go for a walk. (散歩に行きます) |
First Conditional [仮定法現在] - 起こり得る、可能性がある
未来に起こりうる状況に使います。
未来に可能性のある結果を予測します。
| [条件] If + 現在形 | [結果] will + 動詞の原形 |
|---|---|
| If it rains today, (今日雨が降ったら) |
I won’t go out. (私は出かけません) |
| If Kazuko is late again, (カズコがまた遅れたら) |
I will be upset. (私は怒ります) |
| If you don’t hurry up, (急がないと) |
you will miss the train. (あなたは電車に乗り遅れますよ) |
| If a typhoon comes, (台風が来たら) |
I’ll cancel the trip. (旅行をキャンセルします) |
| If I have enough time tomorrow, (明日時間があれば) |
I’ll do some study. (勉強します) |
Second Conditional [仮定法過去] - 起こる可能性が低い
架空の状況やありそうもない状況に使います。
現在や未来の非現実的なありそうもない状況に使います。
（ここがこのレッスンのメインパートです。）
| [条件] If + 過去形 | [結果] would + 動詞の原形 |
|---|---|
| If I won the lottery, (もし宝くじに当選したのなら) |
I would buy a yacht. (ヨットを買います) [でも買えない] |
| If the weather were good, (もし天気が良かったなら) |
I would go for a run. (走りにいきます) [でも走りにいけない] |
| If I had lots of money, (たくさんのお金があれば) |
I would give to charity. (チャリティーに寄付します) [でも寄付できない] |
Third Conditional [仮定法過去完了] - 可能性なし
Third Conditionalを使って別の過去を想像します。
その別の過去は起こらなかった架空の状況です。
| [条件] If + 過去完了 | [結果] would have + 過去分詞 |
|---|---|
| If you had studied more, (もっと勉強していたら) |
you would have passed the exam. (試験に合格したでしょう) [でも合格できなかった] |
| If I hadn’t been sick with the flu, (もし私がインフルエンザにかかっていなかったら) |
I would have gone to the meeting. (私は会議に行っていただろう) [でも会議に行けなかった] |
Mixed Conditional [仮定法混合型] - 可能性なし
Mixed Conditionalでは、if節の時制と主節の時制は違うものになります。
そしてさまざまな組み合わせがあります。
If he'd stayed at school, he would have got a better job.
(もし彼が学校に行っていたら、彼はもっと良い仕事をしているでしょう。)
He didn't stay at school [過去]
(彼は学校に行かなかった)He doesn't have a very good job. [現在]
(彼はあまり良い仕事をしていません。)
この文は、過去の行動に伴う現在の結果を示しています。
If the travel ban hadn’t been imposed, I’d be going to the UK this Christmas.
(渡航禁止令が課されていなかったら、私は今年のクリスマスにイギリスに行くでしょう。)
The travel ban was imposed. [過去]
(渡航禁止令が課された。)He isn’t going to the UK this Christmas. [未来]
(彼は今年のクリスマスにイギリスに行きません。)
この文は、過去の行動に伴う未来の結果を示しています。
[English version]
Conditionals
Hello there everyone,
In our weekend classes this week we will be practising conditionals, which is something my students always tell me is difficult, but I can tell you it’s pretty simple if you understand the basics. It is also a very important part of the language so it is worthwhile spending a bit of time on them!
Overview of conditionals
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Mixed Conditional
Overview of Conditionals
| Conditional sentence type | Usage | If clause verb tense | Main clause verb tense |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zero | General truths | Simple Present | Simple Present |
| Type 1 | A possible condition and its probable result | Simple Present | Simple Future |
| Type 2 | A hypothetical condition and its probable result | Simple Past | Present conditional or Present continuous conditional |
| Type 3 | An unreal past condition and its probable result in the past | Past perfect | Perfect conditional |
| Mixed type | An unreal past condition and its probable result in the present etc. | Past perfect etc. | Perfect conditional etc. |
THE ZERO CONDITIONAL - HIGH PROBABILITY
We use the zero conditional for facts or things that are generally true. The condition always has the same result.
| Condition - If+Present Simple | Result - Present Simple |
|---|---|
| If you diet, | you lose weight. |
| If it rains, | the grass gets wet. |
| If the weather is good, | I go for a walk. |
THE FIRST CONDITIONAL - A PROBABILITY
We use it for possible situations in the future. We predict a likely result in the future (if the condition happens)
| Condition - If+Present Simple | Result - will + infinitive |
|---|---|
| If it rains today, | I won’t go out. |
| If Kazuko is late again, | I will be upset. |
| If you don’t hurry up, | you will miss the train. |
| If a typhoon comes, | I’ll cancel the trip. |
| If I have enough time tomorrow, | I’ll do some study. |
THE SECOND CONDITIONAL - A LOW PROBABILITY
We use it for hypothetical or unlikely situations. Unreal or improbable situations now or in the future. This is the main part of this class
| Condition - If + Past Simple | Result - would + infinitive |
|---|---|
| If I won the lottery, | I would buy a yacht. |
| If the weather were good, | I would go for a run. |
| If I had lots of money, | I would give to charity. |
THE THIRD CONDITIONAL - NO PROBABILITY
We use the third conditional to imagine a different past. It’s an imaginary situation that didn’t happen.
| Condition - If+ Past Perfect | Result - Would have + Past Participle |
|---|---|
| If you had studied more, | you would have passed the exam. |
| If I hadn’t been sick with the flu, | I would have gone to the meeting. |
MIXED CONDITIONAL - NO PROBABILITY
In mixed conditional sentences the time in the if clause is not the same as the time in the main clause. There can be various combinations.
If he'd stayed at school, he would have got a better job.
He didn't stay at school (past)
He doesn't have a very good job. (present)
This sentence shows the present consequences of a past action.
If the travel ban hadn’t been imposed, I’d be going to the UK this Christmas.
The travel ban was imposed. (past)
He isn’t going to the UK this Christmas.(future)
This sentence shows the future consequences of a past action.